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| c. 1000 |
| | | The salt mines of the Sahara provide a staple commodity in the African caravan trade | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | Islam reaches Kanem-Bornu, a joint kingdom encompassing the eastern and western shores of Lake Chad | |
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| c. 1050 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Kilwa, on the east African coast | |
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| 1315 |
| | | Islam replaces Christianity as the religion of the kings of Dongola, in present-day Sudan | |
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| 1329 |
| | | A friar, who has failed to find Prester John in the east, publishes a book proving that the fabulous king lives in Ethiopia | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Coffee, derived from wild plants in Ethiopia, is cultivated in Arabia | |
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| 1483 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a further presence on the west coast of Africa, at the mouth of the Congo river | |
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| 1498 |
| | | Vasco da Gama reaches the southern coast of India, at Calicut, after sailing across the Indian Ocean from east Africa | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique | |
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| 1503 |
| | | The Portuguese set up a trading post on the east African island of Zanzibar | |
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